Understanding Sustainability in the Built Environment. a Framework for Evaluation in Urban Planning and Design

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CHAPTER1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................1 1.1 Overview of the main Evaluation Approaches to Sustainability .......................4 1.2 Research Objectives .........................................................................................10 1.3 Research Method ..............................................................................................12 1.4 Outline of the Thesis ........................................................................................18 1.5 Main References ...............................................................................................22 ChAPTER 2.0 CURRENT EVALUATION METHODS IN URBAN PLANNINGAND DESIGN .....................................................26 2.1 Role and Components of Planning Evaluation .................................................28 2.1 .1 Meaning of an Evaluation in Planning ....................................................29 2.1.2 Components of an Evaluation in Planning ..............................................30 2.2 Ex ante Evaluation Approaches in Planning ....................................................33 2.2.1 Comparison of Technical and Communicative Approaches ..................34 2.2.2 A Classification of ex-ante Evaluation Methods ....................................39 2.2.3 A Critique of Current Evaluation Methods .............................................45 2.3 Monitoring Activities and Sustainability Indicators ........................................48 2.3.1 A Critique to Current Lists of Indicators and their Classification Systems...................................................................................................49 2.4 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................... 54 2.5 Main References ...............................................................................................57 CHAPTER 3.0 PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING .64 3.1 Economic Utility Theories ...............................................................................66 3.1.1 Overview of Economic Paradigms .........................................................67 3.1.2 Discussion and Final Remarks ................................................................70 3.2 Constructivism Paradigm and System Theories ...............................................72 3.2.1 Discussion and Final Remarks ................................................................ 75 3.3 Dooyeweerd's Theory: The Cosmonomic Idea of Reality ...............................78 3.3.1 Entities and Systems .......................................................................... 79 3.3.2 Modalities and their Functions ................................................................81 3.3.3 The Modal Order .....................................................................................83 3.3.4 Comparison with the Maslów's Hierarchy of Needs ..............................84 3.4 Summary and Conclusions ...............................................................................86 3.5 Main References ...............................................................................................88 CHAPTER 4.0 APPLICATION OF THE COSMONOMIC THEORY TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY ..................................................................91 4.1 The Built Environment as a Multi-aspectual System .......................................93 4.2 The Modal Aspects related to the Built Environment ......................................96 4.2.1 Illustration of the Modal Aspects related to'the Built Environment............................................................................................97 4.3 The Enkaptical Structure of the Built Environment .......................................106 4.3.1 The Built Environment as a Cultural Entity .........................................110 4.4 Summary and Conclusions .............................................................................113 4.5 Main References .............................................................................................114 CHAPTER 5.0 DECISION MAKING PROBLEMS IN URBAN PLANNINGFOR SUSTAINABILITY .................................120 5.1 The Role of Planning for Sustainability .........................................................122 5.1.1 An "Opening process" for Sustainability in the Built Environment..........................................................................................126 5.1.2 The problem of time in sustainability ...................................................130 5.2 Sustainability Case studies in Planning and the Built Environment ..............132 5.2.1 Examples with major Consequences for Sustainability ........................134 5.3 Summary and Conclusions .............................................................................153 5.4 Main References .............................................................................................154